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Swaim's Panacea (also called Swaim's Celebrated Panacea) was a popular American patent medicine sold by William Swaim (1781–1846)〔(Colonial and revolutionary families of Pennsylvania; genealogical and personal memoirs, vol. IV ), p. 12 (1911)〕 of Philadelphia, starting in approximately 1820, with formulations still being sold into at least the 1920s. It was advertised to cure various diseases including scrofula, mercurial disease, deep-seated syphilis, rheumatism, sores, swellings, etc.〔Wolfe, Richard J. ''Tarnished idol: William Thomas Green Morton and the introduction of surgical anesthesia : a chronicle of the ether controversy'', p. 574 (2001)〕〔England, John W. (The First Century of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, 1821–1921 ), pp. 73-74 (1922)〕 ==History== Swaim was originally a bookbinder, and the popular story went that he discovered the recipe on the page of a book he was binding at his New York shop. More likely he obtained the recipe from Dr. N.J. Quackinboss who had administered it to Swaim himself. Quackinboss was using a formulation previously published by a Dr. McNeven which originated from France, where a remedy called the "Rob de Laffecteur" invented by the French apothecary Pierre Boyveau was very popular.〔〔Lloyd, John Uri. (History of the Vegetable Drugs of the Pharmacopeia of the United States ), p. 41 (1911)〕〔Stein, John Bethune. (The Rob ), ''Medical Record'', (June 7, 1913), pp. 1021–23〕 Swaim moved to Philadelphia and began to market his own version of the cure, at least by 1820, and perhaps as early as 1811.〔(Advertisement ), ''The Democratic Press'' (June 21, 1811) (2010 discussion at antique-bottles.net includes scan of 1811 advertisement for Swaim's Panacea, though Swaim's advertisements and other reports later dated his start to 1820)〕 After getting permission to administer his concoction to some local asylum residents to alleged beneficial effect (and gathering numerous endorsements, including from local physicians), he was able to sell his product at high prices ($3 a bottle, a significant sum at the time), and became very wealthy with a net worth of approximately $500,000.〔(The Manufacturing Interests of the City of Buffalo ... ), p. 86 (2d ed. 1866)〕〔''American experiences: readings in American history, Volume 1'', p. 218 (1994)〕 Swaim used a symbol of Hercules killing the Hydra in early advertisements of his product, which was being bottled in rectangular bottles by 1825, and in green cylindrical bottles by 1829.〔(History of Drug Containers and Their Labels ), p. 78 (1999)〕 Swaim advertised heavily, and took advantage of developments in commercial lithography in the 1830s to advertise his concoction with a portrait of a woman named Nancy Linton, advertising her "actual appearance" after being cured, although this appearance still looks rather gruesome to modern eyes. The panacea contained mercury, and Linton's appearance appears to reflect signs of mercury poisoning.〔("Every Man His Own Doctor": Popular Medicine in Early America ), pp. 38, 43 (1998)〕 Mercuric chloride (called corrosive sublimate at the time) did have a prior history of being used to treat syphilis. Oil of wintergreen and sarsaparilla were primary ingredients of Swaim's product. By 1828, the Philadelphia Medical Society published a report strongly refuting Swaim's laudatory claims and previous endorsements of the popular panacea, as had the New York Medical Society. Respected physicians who had endorsed the product as promising in the beginning, such as Nathaniel Chapman who later founded the American Medical Association, disavowed their early approvals.〔Medical Society of the State of New York.(Report on Swaim's Panacea ) (1827)〕 Despite Swaim's claim that the product contained no mercury, the medical reports showed otherwise.〔(Report on Quack Medicine ), ''The Christian Spectator'', pp. 431-38 (August 1828), Vol. 2, No. 8〕〔(Quack Logic ), ''The Journal of Health'' (March 24, 1830), pp. 222-23 (Vol. 1, No. 14)〕〔Young, James Harvey. (The Toadstool Millionaires ), ch. 5 (1961)〕 After William Swain died in 1846, his son James continued the business until his death in 1870, along with Swaim's son-in-law Franklin Stewart.〔Gura, Philip F. & James F. Bollman. (America's Instrument: The Banjo in the Nineteenth Century ), p. 140 (1999)〕〔(Hopkinson v. Swaim ) (Supreme Court of Illinois, 1920) (court case includes many details about descendants of William Swaim)〕 (Stewart's son Samuel Swaim Stewart invented the Banjeaurine.〔) "Swaim's Laboratory" was located in Philadelphia at 113 S. Seventh St, just below Chestnut for many years. Sometime after 1890, production was moved to Clifton, Staten Island in New York.〔 In 1900, James F. Ballard of St. Louis, who produced a number of patent medicines, acquired the rights to Swaim's Panacea and all other Swaim products from the Swaim family.〔(November 1900). (Swaim's Preparations, Landmarks of the Proprietary Trade Came to St. Louis ), ''The National Druggist'', Vol. 30, No. 11, p. 440〕 In the 1910s, the United States government fined Ballard $30 for misbranding of products under the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, including Swaim's Panacea, as he was continuing to advertise the product with the amazing claims that had then been made for over 90 years.〔(4373. Misbrqanding of ... ), ''Notices of Judgement Under the Food and Drugs Act'' (1916)〕〔Cramp, Arthur J., ed. (Nostrums and Quackery, Vol. II ), p. 584 (1921)〕〔(Swaim's Pancea ), National Museum of American History (photographs of post-1900 bottle, which states in part "The business of Swaim's Laboratory was purchased by James F. Ballard from Eliza Battanchon Swaim, on Oct. 22, 1900 and was moved from Staten Island, N.Y., to St. Louis, Mo., in that year.")〕 It appears the product continued to be sold at least into the 1920s. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Swaim's Panacea」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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